10种中草药提取物对棉铃虫、绿盲蝽触杀活性研究

棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera和绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum是两种重要的经济作物害虫。为寻找一种安全高效的防治新手段,本文对10种中草药提取物触杀活性开展了研究。结果表明,在10种中草药提取物中,苦杏仁杀虫活性最高,药后7 d棉铃虫、绿盲蝽校正死亡率分别为65.4%和100%。发现苦杏仁粗提物经不同溶剂萃取后发现,氯仿萃取时析出物对绿盲蝽触杀活性最高,药后7 d校正死亡率可达96.9%。硅胶柱分离结果表明,流分L36-48具有较高的触杀活性,药后7 d校正死亡率为84.7%。本研究评价了10种中草药提取物对棉铃虫和绿盲蝽的触杀活性,并对苦杏仁有效成分开展了初步的分离鉴定,以期为两种害虫高效安全的新型药剂开发提供理论基础。     

宽缨酮对棉铃虫的拒食活性及生长发育的影响

为评价宽缨酮（EN）对棉铃虫的生物活性, 采用浸渍叶碟法和饲料混毒法, 以印楝素为对照, 检测宽缨酮对棉铃虫的拒食及抑制生长发育活性。结果表明, 宽缨酮和印楝素的拒食中浓度分别为12.04 μg/mL和21.62 μg/mL, 宽缨酮的拒食活性优于印楝素。以含10 μg/g宽缨酮的饲料饲喂棉铃虫幼虫, 在第10~12天幼虫体重相比对照分别下降87.90%、88.04%和80.74%, 并推迟5 d化蛹, 蛹重降低。化蛹率、羽化率和卵的孵化率分别比对照下降了26.00、37.39和14.98百分点, 蛹和成虫的畸形率分别是对照的2.89倍和3.33倍。综上所述, 宽缨酮对棉铃虫具有明显拒食和抑制生长发育活性, 具有开发成为新型植物源杀虫剂的潜力。     

四种替代药剂对梨火疫病菌的抑制活性及其田间防效

为筛选农用链霉素替代药剂,以其为对照药剂,测定春雷霉素、中生菌素、噻霉酮和噻菌铜这4种常用细菌病害防治药剂对梨火疫病菌Erwinia amylovora的抑制活性、对梨火疫病的田间防效及不同药剂处理后梨中的农药残留,并对这4种药剂的作物安全性进行评价。结果表明,中生菌素、噻霉酮和春雷霉素对梨火疫病菌有抑制作用,抑制中浓度EC50分别为1.60、6.64和60.57 mg/L,中生菌素的抑制效果高于链霉素。在连续2年田间试验中,中生菌素1 000倍液和春雷霉素400倍液对梨火疫病的保护效果和治疗效果均达90.33%以上,噻霉酮500倍液和噻菌铜200倍液对梨火疫病的保护效果均达100.00%,治疗效果均超过86.97%,与对照药剂农用链霉素2 000倍液的效果相当。所有药剂处理后均未检出中生菌素、春雷霉素、高效氯氰菊酯和农用链霉素的农药残留,而噻虫嗪、阿维菌素和矮壮素虽有检出,但其残留量均低于国家限量标准。花期前后、幼果期和果实膨大期施药,中生菌素、春雷霉素、噻霉酮和噻菌铜对梨花、叶片、枝梢及果实生长均无不良影响。综合来看,中生菌素、春雷霉素、噻霉酮和噻菌铜均可作为农用链霉素的替代药剂,...     

四川省部分地区山羊沙门氏菌健康带菌率及耐药性调查

为了解四川省山羊沙门氏菌带菌情况,本试验采集了四川省部分地区5个规模化山羊养殖场表观健康山羊粪便196份,经BPW预增菌、TTB选择性增菌后,采用靶向invA基因的PCR方法检测沙门氏菌的带菌率;对阳性样本进行细菌分离鉴定,随机选择25株沙门氏菌分离株测定其对15种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果显示,山羊沙门氏菌的平均带菌率为54.59%。药敏试验结果显示,分离株均对丁胺卡那敏感,而对其余14种抗菌药物呈不同程度的耐药,多重耐药菌株占88%,其中耐2~7种药物的占52%,耐9~13种药物的占36%。结果表明,四川省部分地区山羊的沙门氏菌健康带菌率较高,且多重耐药性普遍,其公共卫生意义值得进一步研究。     

Isolation,Identification and Analysis of Serotype and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Pathogenic Salmonella from Chickens

To investigate the situations of predominant strain and antibiotic resistance of pathogenic Salmonella from chickens in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region, Salmonella was pre-enriched and isolated from tissues of clinical suspected chickens, and the Salmonella isolates were identified by biochemical test using ID 32E System for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae of VITEK System ATB Expression, serotypes were determined by slid agglutination test, antibiotic susceptibility was analyzed by ATB VET Susceptibility Test Strip of Enterobacteriaceae antibiotics.The results showed that 34 Salmonella strains were obtained from 310 clinical samples, of which 1 strain belonged to A serogroup, 1 to C2 serogroup, 15 to B serogroup, 14 to D serogroup and 3 to untyped serogroup, and S.typhimurium of B serogroup and S.pullorum of D serogroup were the predominant serotypes.All Salmonella isolates were sensitive to meropenem, imipenem, spectinomycine and apramycine, and the resistance rates to chloramphenicol, kanamycine and gentamicine were less than 10%, and the resistance rates to amoxicillin, streptomycine, flumequine, oxolinique, sulfamethizol, tetracycline and nitrofurantoine ranged between 50% and 90%, while the resistance rates to penicilline, oxacilline, fusidique, rifampicine and metronidazole reached to 100%.The results indicated that the serotype distribution of pathogenic Salmonella from chickens exhibited regional characteristics, and S.typhimurium and S.pullorum were the predominant serotypes in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region, and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolates was very serious which should be highly concerned.     

A pre-synchronization program at early postpartum might increase the chances of Bos indicus cows cycling prior to 50 days regardless of the length of calf separation

The aim of this study was to establish if pre-synchronization would enhance the number of animals cycling prior to conventional breeding at 45 days irrespective of the length of calf separation. Multiparous Bos indicus cows were allotted in four groups (n = 10). Control group (C) dams remained with their calves; groups G24, G48 and G72, which were partially weaned for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively, were estrus synchronized using a controlled internal drug. These procedures were performed at 25 days and again at 45 days postpartum. The number of follicles, presence of a corpus luteum and back fat thickness (BFT) were determined by ultrasound. The proportion of cows with estrus and ovulation at day 25 postpartum was statistically different between the control and treated groups, with the values being 20, 60, 50 and 70 for the control, G24, G48 and G72 groups respectively (P < 0.05). At days 45 postpartum, the proportion of cows with estrus and ovulation was different in group G48 compared with the other groups (P <0.05). The average BFT and body condition score for the four experimental groups in the two periods were similar (P >0.05). Animals with a higher proportion of follicles from 17 to 21 mm, BFT values above 3.5 mm and a regular body condition were significantly different regardless of whether the dams remained with their calves or were separated, regardless of the length of this event. It can be concluded that (1) a pre-synchronization program at day 25 could trigger the onset of ovarian activity and facilitate a breeding program at day 50 and (2) temporary weaning enhances the effect of a pre-synchronization program.     

无抗发酵饲料对生长育肥猪生长性能、肠道菌群和养分表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究无抗发酵饲料对生长育肥猪生长性能、肠道菌群和养分表观消化率的影响。选择18 kg左右断奶仔猪60头,随机分为2个组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头猪。对照组饲喂含抗生素基础饲粮(每千克含黄霉素5 mg),试验组饲喂80%基础饲粮和20%的无抗发酵饲料组成的试验饲粮。试验期154 d。结果表明:1)试验组的末重、平均日增重和平均日采食量都显著高于对照组(P0.05),而料重比则显著低于对照组(P0.05)。2)试验组中期和后期的乳酸菌数量的对数值显著高于对照组(P0.05),而试验组中期和后期的大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌数量的对数值显著低于对照组(P0.05)。3)在十二指肠肠段,试验组肠道食糜中的乳酸菌和大肠杆菌数量的对数值显著高于对照组(P0.05)。4)在十二指肠肠段,试验组肠道每克和每平方厘米黏膜的乳酸菌数量的对数值显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验组肠道每克黏膜的大肠杆菌数量的对数值显著高于对照组(P0.05)。在空肠肠段,试验组肠道每克和每平方厘米黏膜的乳酸菌数量的对数值显著高于对照组(P0.05)。5)试验组的粗蛋白质和粗纤维的表观消化率显著高于对照组(P0.05)。由此可见,无抗发酵饲料能提高生长育肥猪的生长性能,改善肠道微生物平衡,增强消化能力。     

粪肠球菌替代抗生素对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻率、血液生化指标和免疫器官的影响

本试验在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加不同水平的粪肠球菌,研究其替代抗生素对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻指数和腹泻率、血液生化指标以及免疫器官的影响。选取120头(28±2)日龄平均体重为(7.60±0.81)kg的"杜×长×大"断奶仔猪,随机分为5组,每组6个重复(公母各占1/2),每个重复4头,每个重复为1圈。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,抗生素组在基础饲粮中添加100mg/kg硫酸黏菌素和400 mg/kg杆菌肽锌,3个粪肠球菌组分别在基础饲粮中添加40、200和1 000 mg/kg粪肠球菌,试验期31 d。试验结果显示:1)在1~14 d,饲粮中添加抗生素和粪肠球菌对断奶仔猪的平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)以及料重比(F/G)无显著影响(P0.05)。在15~31 d,与对照组和抗生素组相比,200和1 000 mg/kg组可极显著提高ADFI和ADG(P0.01)。在1~31 d,与对照组相比,200和1 000 mg/kg组的ADFI均极显著提高(P0.01),而ADG分别显著和极显著增加(P0.05和P0.01);与抗生素组相比,1 000 mg/kg组可极显著提高ADFI(P0.01),而200和1 000 mg/kg组的ADG分别显著和极显著增加(P0.05和P0.01)。2)在1~14 d,与对照组相比,40 mg/kg组的腹泻指数和腹泻率显著降低(P0.05)。在15~31 d和1~31 d,与对照组和抗生素组相比,40和1 000 mg/kg组均可在一定程度上降低腹泻率(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,粪肠球菌可以显著提高血液中总蛋白含量(P0.05),其中200和1 000 mg/kg组达到极显著水平(P0.01),且这2组分别可以显著和极显著提高球蛋白含量(P0.05和P0.01)。与抗生素组相比,200和1 000 mg/kg组可以显著提高总蛋白含量(P0.05)。与对照组相比,抗生素组和1 000 mg/kg组的白球比显著降低(P0.05),另外,抗生素组血液中谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性显著降低(P0.05),200 mg/kg组的谷丙转氨酶活性显著降低(P0.05)。4)与对照组相比,1 000 mg/kg组的肝脏重量和脾脏指数有一定程度的提高(P0.05),与抗生素组相比,200和1 000 mg/kg组可显著提高肝脏重量(P0.05)。结果表明,饲粮中添加粪肠球菌可改善断奶仔猪的生长性能(饲喂15~31 d),降低腹泻率,提高仔猪免疫力,其中添加量为1 000 mg/kg时效果最好。     

6个鲜食葡萄品种不同部位生物活性物质含量及抗氧化活性比较

【目的】 对不同色系鲜食葡萄品种各器官生物活性物质含量和各器官提取物总活性进行比较研究,为鲜食葡萄育种和生物活性物质利用提供有效依据。【方法】 以三种色系鲜食葡萄(各含一个有籽和无籽鲜食葡萄品种)为材料,分别测定果梗、果皮、果肉、葡萄籽中多酚、黄酮、原花青素含量,用自由基清除法评价各器官提取物的总活性,并使用相关系数法分析3种生物活性物质含量和总活性的相关性。【结果】 结果表明,不同色系葡萄品种中,黄绿色系与红色系果梗多酚含量高于紫黑色系品种,无籽品种含量高于有籽品种;黄酮含量以红色系品种含量最高,且无籽高于有籽品种。果皮中多酚、黄酮及原花青素含量与果皮颜色深浅有关,颜色越深含量越高;原花青素含量在黄绿色系与红色系葡萄品种中无籽显著高于有籽葡萄。果肉多酚含量紫黑色系有籽葡萄显著低于其它品种;原花青素含量紫黑色系显著高于红色系品种,黄绿色系及红色系品种有籽显著高于无籽品种。葡萄籽中多酚及原花青素含量变化具有随着果皮颜色加深而显著增加的变化趋势。生物活性物质抗氧化活性在果梗中黄绿色系与红色系品种显著高于紫黑色系品种,无籽品种高于有籽品种;在果皮中紫黑色系品种显著高于黄绿色系与红色系品种;在果肉中黄绿色系有籽品种显著高于无籽品种;多酚、黄酮含量与提取物总的抗氧化活性呈极显著正相关关系(P <0.01)。综上可知,鲜食葡萄果梗中含有丰富的多酚和黄酮物质,且红色系无籽品种显著最高,可将葡萄采果后果梗作为多酚和黄酮物质提取的原材料;鲜食葡萄多酚、黄酮、原花青素等生物活性物质随着果皮颜色加深而加深,可选育果皮颜色深且品质好的品种做鲜食葡萄;葡萄籽中含有丰富的多酚、黄酮、原花青素,可作为生物活性物质提取的原材料;鲜食葡萄提取物总抗氧化活性主要由多酚、黄酮决定。